Patient Billing Software System Information Technology Essay

Quiet Billing Software System Information Technology Essay In todays world, the populace in different nations is expanding rapidly consistently, the Medical Billing System has experienced childhood in significance. The purpose behind this is there are unquestionably more people that have need of some assortment of medicinal services, whether or not it is physical or mental. So as to get these administrations patients need to pay for the administrations rendered by the emergency clinic. This undertaking requires a charging framework that can create bills of administrations to patients. Clinical experts are confronting issues with respect to the charging issue. My undertaking for BSc Computing is to build up an electronic patient charging programming that is of significance to a medical clinic. . PHP was chosen as the language for usage and PL/SQL server as the database. The patient data will be put away in the database. Any new patient data can be put away in the database through a patient data input screen. The screen will take as information all the subtleties of the patient, the sum to be paid, and so forth. The framework is planned with the intension of taking into account versatility, convenientce, and re-use. The plan of the framework is to such an extent that it would allow future joining with different frameworks like online protection charging for a patient that has a clinical protection, or even a totally extraordinary application. This framework is additionally expected to give a greatest degree of security and dependability. Point This undertaking is planned for building up a patient charging programming framework that is of significance to an emergency clinic. The patient charging framework is a nearby programming framework. This framework can be utilized to keep up the area and the bed number of every patient either in the ward or the Intensive Care Units (ICU). Data about the patient and the charges to be paid is likewise put away. OBJECTIVE Exploration objective To contemplate the plausibility of actualizing a down to earth charging framework for a medical clinic principally concentrating on adaptability issues. As the medical clinic is rapidly getting greater the framework should be capable help any future extensions, for example, managing patients with health care coverage. To direct arrangement of meetings so as to comprehend the hierarchical structure and the current foundation administration in the emergency clinic and its issues and build up an elective situation for the framework. To understanding the favorable circumstances and drawbacks of the current foundation administration and how does the new framework will be an advantages to the emergency clinic? To lead research about how patients charging frameworks is utilized in different emergency clinics? To analyze the essential instruments that will be required for the usage of the proposed framework and furthermore look at whether the proposed framework will be good with the current framework inside the financial plan. Eg: What kind of programming language can be embraced? What sort of database would be best reasonable for the framework? To lead a meeting with the medical clinic information passage administrator and the record division so as to discover the challenges they are confronting when creating bills to their patients. Down to earth objective The framework is created utilizing PHP as the front end and SQL Server/Oracle as the back end. The accompanying advances will be useful to begin the venture. Study and be OK with advancements, for example, PHP, SQL server/Oracle, Apache and ODBC Connectivity. Settle on the quantity of wards and the quantity of beds in each ward. Make a database everything being equal and fill some example information in the tables which can demonstrate accommodating for running/testing of the task. Appoint a clinic information passage administrator who will enter all the patient subtleties, make refreshing to the table sections by means of front-end screens as and when a patient is being admitted to the medical clinic, moved from a general ward to the ICU and the other way around and released from the emergency clinic. Since the continuous undertaking should be tried progressively, you can accept hours as days for testing the framework. Be that as it may, the presentation will in any case be in days as it were. Make the first page of the PBS framework giving a short depiction about the framework and a login box Make the assistance pages of the framework as QA. This will help you likewise while executing the framework. Make other sub-frameworks like screens for different capacities (new patient section, seeing existing patient subtleties, move of a patient among ward and ICU, and so on). Examination about customer side and server side programming dialects HTML, XHTML, ASP.NET, JSP, PHP, ASP Examination about electronic information base applications like Oracle,Mysql Examination about Unified Modeling Language, Activity graph, Use case chart, Class outline, Sequence chart, Collaboration graph Justification of the task: Redistribute clinical charging framework specialist co-op is doing incredible assistance as far as rendering clinical charging administrations that could be of help to the specialists so as to focus more on their patients. The possibility of clinical charging re-appropriating started from the need to recruit specialists so as to play out a minor undertaking identified with the clinical calling. Notwithstanding, the most concerned issues of recruiting an outsider to deal with the clinical charging administrations are on the grounds that discharge data about the organization can be spilled out by re-appropriating representatives, even to their rival and furthermore they don't offer great quality types of assistance as a large portion of their staff have constrained clinical foundation and every one of these issues can make genuine harm the clinical practice and account. Anyway with the presentation of my proposed framework, it will bring about the general improvement of the clinical ch arging forms. Importance: The proposed undertaking can have extraordinary noteworthiness on the money of the emergency clinic and furthermore diminish the remaining task at hand from the record office. This doesn't just restrain on the clients, yet will likewise be of extraordinary assistance to my examinations and my profession too, as it would give me presentation required so as to build up my aptitude on PL/SQL, PHP, HTML and RDBMS. Review: My proposed online application is completely engaged is being easy to use, basic, however profoundly exact simultaneously. My program comprises of various stages (pages). These can be portrayed as follows. The venture will give an online stage where the clinic information passage administrator can Login to the framework through the main page of the application Enter the ward number for the patient either in the general ward or the ICU. Settle all bills pending to be paid by a patient before the patients release. Monitor all beds involved/free in both the ward and the ICU. View data of all patients subtleties, their concede time and the sum to be paid. Update the table fields (understanding subtleties, the sum to be paid/any equalization remaining, the ward number, the bed number, the enlistment number, case number, and so on.) when another patient is being conceded into the medical clinic or being released from the emergency clinic. Prerequisites Framework prerequisite The framework prerequisites gives more subtleties and clarify how the client necessities ought to be given by the framework and can be utilized as a major aspect of the agreement for the usage of the framework and ought to in this way be a finished and predictable detail of the system.(Sommerville, 2007pg.130) Therefore, Due to the idea of the undertaking, the framework is web base application that associates with the client (medical clinic information section administrator and the record office) on customer side and all the preparing will be done on the server side. In this way, both the customer and the Server side need to meet the accompanying least prerequisites. Programming Client is going to open the website page of the organization that will contain the real application structure and afterward they need to fill it to make an application for the administrations. Web Explorer or any internet browser. Web Connection. Information Base - MySQL server/Oracle (Optional) Customer side and Server-side scripting innovations PHP, ASP.NET, AJAX, Visual essential 6.0 WAMP. Security SSL, Equipment PC with Hard plate space more than 1 GB free consistently for database. (Discretionary) Least memory of 1GB (Optional) Back up running. Writing View: New innovation makes new open doors for ground breaking organizations. More elevated level of mechanization, rapid interchanges and improved access to data can give huge advantages to a cutting edge business association (Paul Boucij, Andrew Greasley, Simon Hickie 2008). PC innovation has exceptionally changed people groups lives massively. This development changes the method of our reasoning and the manner in which we play out our step by step exercises. PC based data frameworks are presently used to do all capacities and exercises of an association. These days, improved developments are being set up in other to help a cutting edge business association to make increasingly proficient and robotize business forms. All things considered, Medical practices are not kept separate from this incredible change. So as to run a clinical practice suitably, clinical charging must be robotized. Lets envision that there is no suitable clinical charging set up. What will befall the issue of charging in clinical practices? Obviously, the conventional method of charging will be received. Conventional way is doing all the clinical charging like sending solicitations and producing patients charges physically. This framework is acceptable if the clinical practice needs to remain little. Be that as it may, the issue of clinical charging is touchy in emergency clinic the executives as the medical clinics can't bear the cost of misfortunes as a result of reckless charging produced from conventional method of charging. As per Charles Darwin, the noticeable researcher of nature, stated, It isn't the most grounded of the species that endure, nor the most astute, yet the one generally receptive to change (Case, 2006 pg 27) The reality about nature is additionally evident in today clinical practice that works in a quick evolving condition. The most effective and fruitful clinics run their funds with present day clinical charging programming.

How cultural beliefs and social forces are shaping the use of technology Essay

David Wigder, who has critical experience as an Environmental Engineer (2007) composed that advertisers have generally confronted a difficult task with regards to showcasing eco-accommodating products. Basically, it is hard to impact shopper buy conduct without first affecting mentalities and qualities. These qualities, notwithstanding, require a purposeful exertion over an extensive stretch of time to change. Subsequently, corporate advertisers will in general avoid mindfulness and instruction interchanges, liking to target buyers lower in the buy pipe who are now inclined to green informing. The explanation behind this is plainly obvious: with regards to green, obtaining efforts have higher and more prompt monetary returns than mindfulness crusades (Wigder, 2007). However, for advertisers, the open door exists to impact earth inviting conduct without fundamentally moving mentalities. This impact has been subject of scholarly examination including an investigation directed by Professors John Thogersen and Folke Olander of the Aarhus School of Business (Denmark) analyzing the connection between â€Å"value priorities† and â€Å"environmentally-accommodating customer conduct. † (Wigder, 2007) As a feature of this examination, Thogersen and Olander inspected the effect of reusing on the qualities and practices of Danish customers through the span of one year. (â€Å"Human Values and the Emergence of a Sustainable Consumption Pattern: A Panel Study,† Journal of Economic Psychology, 2002). The aftereffects of such examination uncover a few key discoveries that green advertisers ought to consider: †¢ First, the investigation reconfirmed that qualities drive conduct (while the opposite relationship was not seen as factually huge). While to be expected, this outcome affirms that advertisers face a difficult task on the off chance that they are to impact ecologically benevolent conduct without first tending to values. †¢ Second, the investigation found that qualities are truly steady and are hard to affect in the â€Å"short and medium term. † †¢ Finally, conduct change, the creators closed, is obstructed by values as well as by â€Å"behavioral idleness, made by powers [such as built up habits] that are free of †or if nothing else not related in a basic manner to †values†. (Dobson, 2007) However fundamentally for advertisers, the examination likewise proposes that for those that as of now hold earth amicable qualities, naturally agreeable conduct can advance after some time if purchasers are given the chance to take part in this conduct. Thogersen and Olander inferred that â€Å"when new open doors for naturally well disposed conduct are offered, customers holding ‘environmentally-accommodating values’ alter their conduct to be progressively reliable with their qualities. † This finding suggests that purchasers who hold green qualities will show greener conduct whenever gave important items or administrations (Wigder, 2007). Andrew Dobson wrote in an article called The Politics of Global Warming (2007), that in his survey of the thought and practice of economical utilization, Tim Jackson brings up that â€Å"the talk of ‘consumer sovereignty’ and ‘hands-off’ administration is mistaken and unhelpful† (see â€Å"Motivating Sustainable Consumption,† SDRN: Briefing 1). This is on the grounds that utilization choices occur inside a social and institutional setting which establish the guidelines of the game, and which part decide the customer choices that individuals make. So when the iPod little tags along hard behind the main barely bigger unique iPod, the social and monetary setting is outfitted to getting purchasers to get it (Dobson, 2007). In this unique situation, as Jackson went on, â€Å"policies dependent on data and value signals have had just constrained achievement in changing unreasonable behaviors†. However these are actually the arrangements the administration appears to be resolved to seek after †strategies that, additionally, add to imitating the ace individual setting that is part reason for our natural issues. â€Å"The prevailing social model in 21st-century society is individualist†, composed Tim Jackson. â€Å"But this is just one type of social association and there is proof to recommend that it may not be adequate to address the social unpredictability of ace natural conduct change. † But, approach creators will say, arrangements dependent on value signals work with the grain of personal circumstance and are subsequently reasonable as opposed to optimistic most definitely. Wrong. There is a developing group of sociology proof to propose that the personal circumstance model is really a poor indicator of ecological perspectives and conduct (Dobson, 2007). For example, in their overview of 4,000 people in four separate provinces in Sweden, Simon Matti and Christer Berglund infer that undoubtedly, â€Å"people are guided by different intentions and qualities than the customary financial levelheadedness of the purchaser †¦ they feel an ethical commitment to sort squander so as to add to a superior environment† (see â€Å"Citizen and buyer: the double job of people in ecological policy†, Environmental Policies, 15/4, 2006). Additional striking still, their examination unequivocally proposes that approaches intended to speak to the person as buyer instead of as resident â€Å"crowd out†, or decrease, â€Å"the feeling of good obligation† for master natural movement. By and by, the favored type of government strategy both fortifies the outlooks and direct that add to natural impracticality and at the same time subverts the propensities and practices that illuminate a lot of ace ecological conduct. This one-two punch is a genuine snag to managing environmental change †and without a doubt with whatever other issue which requires genius social reactions (Dobson, 2007). The way that these outcomes were accumulated in Sweden may itself be critical. This is on the grounds that a further bit of sociology investigate recommends that collectivist, social-government assistance social orders are a superior hatchery of expert ecological conduct than maverick ones where government assistance is looked on with doubt. â€Å"Those who place a high incentive on the government assistance of others and on an aggregate way to deal with tackling social issues are bound to be happy to help natural arrangements than the individuals who do not†, composes discovers Sharon Witherspoon (see â€Å"Democracy, the earth and popular supposition in Europe†, in W Lafferty and J Meadowcroft, eds. , Democracy and the Environment: issues and prospects (Edward Elgar, 1996). The entirety of this recommends tending to environmental change is both more troublesome and simpler than the official outlines twirling over the work areas of government priests and paper front-pages depict. It is progressively troublesome, in light of the fact that the drivers of impractical perspectives and conduct are more profound and more basic than supporters of liberal free enterprise can stand to accept. However it is likewise simpler, in light of the fact that protection from those drivers is communicated every day by the activities of a huge number of residents around the globe as they endeavor to make the best decision, not for any addition for themselves or dread of monetary discipline, but since it’s the proper activity (Dobson, 2007). Governments accept that individuals don’t carry on like that, and plan strategy in like manner. Sociology examine recommends two things: first, that individuals do carry on like this, and second, that administration arrangement which neglects to comprehend as much won't just be insufficient yet †in a move that changes over disaster into joke †will sabotage the very inspirations for the conduct which it ought to be empowering. Determination (A Vision for the Future) By the finish of the following decade, as deduced by David Friedman of the Union of Concerned Scientists, most traveler vehicles and trucks in the United States could be brimming with crossover electric vehicles. However, it is likewise evident that this all-new GREEN way of life that individuals are advancing relies a great deal upon social convictions or fundamentals (as appeared previously). Indeed, purchasing propensities are changing, open transportation may all become half breeds, the vehicle business may surrender gas motors everlastingly, and so on yet mixture innovation, way of life changes, and living â€Å"green† can't give the exact governmental issues that worldwide change needs. It’s sensible to declare that sound sociology is a piece of the entire riddle. R E F E R E N C E S 1. Mixture Cars. (2006). TechFaq. Recovered April 16, 2007, from http://www. tech faq. com/cross breed vehicles. shtml 2. Donaldson-Evans, C. (2006, July 10). Gas-electric half breeds simply continue onward and going. Recovered April 16, 2007 from http://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,202414,00. html 3. Wigder, D. (2007, March 31). What number of green advertisers does it take to change a light? Recovered April 16, 2007 from http://marketinggreen. wordpress. com/tag/customer practices and-convictions/4. Dobson, A. (2007, March 29). A legislative issues of a worldwide temperature alteration: the sociology asset. Recovered April 16, 2007 from http://www. opendemocracy. net/globalization-climate_change_debate/politics_4486. jsp 5. Friedman, D. (2003). A New Road: the Technology and Potential of Hybrid Vehicles. Massachusetts: UCS Publications. 6. Thogersen, J. what's more, Olander, Folke. (2002). Human Values and the Emergence of a Sustainable Consumption Pattern: A Panel Study. Diary of Economic Psychology, 23 (5), 605-630.

Seattle was gorgeous

Seattle was gorgeous Ive never been to Seattle before. One of the things I love about college is how many opportunities you get to live in a new place for a month or a few at a time. I specifically sought out a summer internship in Seattle because I wanted to try something new. Id heard from many people that Seattle is a gorgeous city. I was not disappointed. A lot of what people gush over when talking about the Pacific Northwest is the hiking. Drive any direction out of downtown Seattle, and in 3 hours or less youll find a gorgeous trail coiling through crests of evergreen trees and surrounded by the trilling of mountain streams. By far the best hike I went on this summer was the Summerland Trail at Mount Rainier, the crowning jewel of Seattles many mountains. The trail was absolutely magical. Me and my friends who went on the Summerland trail! The first part of the hike was pretty typical for Washington trails. You hike from the forest floor up into the foothills of the mountain, surrounded by towering trees and the constant babbling of mountain streams. But then, as we ascended, the trees gave way to small pockets of mountain-ringed meadows, filled with grass and flowers. And eventually, when you climb high enough, the surrounding slopes fell away, leaving a point-blank perspective of Mount Rainier. The larger meadow at the top of the mountain felt like something out of a Disney movie. I could barely believe it was real. There was one little point where you could stand with a clear babbling brook on each side in an emerald meadow spotted with summertime flowers and the rocky, snow-capped summit of Rainier in the background. The summit of Mount Rainier If you keep climbing, it starts to feel like youre on a different planet. The grass goes away, leaving the chewed-up rock of the mountaingray, rusty read, even turquoise in places. At one point we had to hop between stones to cross a river. We found a turquoise lake framed against a towering cliff face. A small turquoise lake surrounded by rocky peaks To get to the top of the cliff, you have to hike over snow and slippery shale [RIGHT WORD?] that could shift at any moment. But the view over the mountain range is incredible. The diversity and beauty of the scenery was mind-blowing. I did three other trails while in Seattle. Lake 22. Presumably there are another 21 lakes in the area. Unfortunately we only saw this one, but fortunately it was gorgeous. I forget the name of this lake, but doesnt it look like Hogwarts should be hanging around somewhere? This was taken in the Olympics, a big mountain range southwest of Seattle. Believe me, we had to work for this view! And we also went Rainier cherry picking. The cherries were so pretty I almost didnt want to eat them. But as much as Seattle is known for its hiking, I, being a native of LA, I am inevitably enchanted by water. Seattle is built around water. It was the constant sparkle of the sun over the lakes that took my breath away. Lake Washington One of my favorite things to do after work was to walk down to Lake Washington10 minutes away from my work and 5 minutes from my houseand watch the sun set. Having the lake in such close proximity was magicaluntil halfway through August. Thats when the smoke came in. The sun hasnt set. You just cant see it behind all the clouds. This was from my last weekend in Seattle, on the ferry to San Juan island. I cant express how tragic the smoke was without first showing you how gorgeous the city is. The last two weeks I was in Seattle, the whole city was covered by a pungent brown haze. The air quality made it hard to breathe outside. The reduced visibility marred the view of the lake. The weekend I went to San Juan, a quaint island north of Seattle and across the water from Canada, the smoke was so bad up near the Canadian forest fires that it honestly almost wasnt worth being outside. A friend and I went kayaking (normally one of my favorite activities) but the whole sky was brown and I had a headache for most of the time. Especially since Im from SoCal, which has been dealing with its own increasingly ravaging fires lately, the two weeks of smoke was really disturbing. It was the first time Ive felt like Ive actually experienced the effects of environmental destruction. Up until halfway through August, I could picture myself living in the city, in spite of the long rainy winter, as long as I got the summers. Now Im not sure.

Shakespeares Fair Youth Sonnets

The first of Shakespeares 126 sonnets are addressed to a young man – described as the â€Å"fair youth† – and reveal a deep, loving friendship. The speaker encourages the friend to procreate so that his youthful beauty can be carried on through his children. The speaker also believes that the man’s beauty can be preserved in his poetry, as the final couplet of Sonnet 17 reveals: But were some child of yours alive that time, [in the future]You should live twice: in it, and in my rhyme. Some believe that the intimacy of the relationship between the speaker and the young man is evidence of Shakespeare’s homosexuality. However, this is probably a very modern reading of a classical text. There was no public reaction to the relationship when the sonnets were first published by Thomas Thorpe in 1609, suggesting that the expression of a deep friendship through such language was perfectly acceptable in Shakespeares time. It was perhaps more shocking to the Victorian sensibility. Top Five Most Popular Fair Youth Sonnets: Sonnet 1: From Fairest Creatures We Desire Increase Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day? Sonnet 29: When In Disgrace With Fortune and Mens EyesSonnet 73: That Time Of Year Thou Mayst In Me Behold Sonnet 116: Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds A full list of the Fair Youth Sonnets (Sonnets 1 – 126) is also available.

Discuss the Relationship Between Stress, Anxiety, Habits...

â€Å"Discuss the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and describe how you would treat these issues with hypnotherapy†. Introduction Common requests for hypnotherapy treatment are those related to stress, anxiety, habits and phobias. An understanding of the relationship between these disorders, examining the similarities and the differences between each, provides the therapist with information useful in deciding how and if to treat these disorders. It could also be argued that the uniqueness of each client and each set of symptoms demands the therapist to review each case on a one to one basis and not to blur the boundaries between each of these types of disorders, which may in turn result in a less effective form of treatment†¦show more content†¦They go on to say that these needs are determined by pinpointing the individuals stress stimuli and their accompanying responses. Successful hypnotherapy treatment will include asking the client to examine the exact stimuli that contribute to their stress and their physical and emotional responses to each stimulus. This will then be followed by using suggestions within hypnotherapy to embed new responses to each of these stress stimulus. Understanding Anxiety One of the negative effects induced by stress is anxiety. Whereas stress is caused by an existing stress-causing factor or stressor, anxiety is stress that continues after that stressor is gone. Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension, where often the source of this uneasiness is not always known or recognized, which can add to the distress felt by the client. According to Hadley and Staudacher, anxiety does not arise directly out of painful or dangerous situations. Instead, it’s the thought of potential danger, not the actual danger, which produces the symptoms of anxiety. This is similar to the work done by Lazarus and Folkmans on their interpretation of stress. This process is referred to as the ABC model of anxiety, the situation – A, gives rise to the thought – B, which in turn causes the anxiety – C. Anxiety is sometimes considered to be a normal reaction to stress. It may help a person to deal with a difficult situation, howeverShow MoreRelated‚Äà ºDiscuss the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and phobias and describe how you would treat these issues with hypnotherapy‚Äà ¹.4857 Words   |  20 PagesTitle: â€Å"Discuss the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and phobias and describe how you would treat these issues with hypnotherapy†. Module Five: Hypnotherapy and Counselling Skills Date: 27th April 2013 2000 words INTRODUCTION This essay will briefly research evidence on the four conditions and demonstrate the impact that stress has on our everyday lives whilst showing how it is linked to the other conditions of anxiety, phobiasRead MoreRelationship Between Stress, Anxiety and Phobias1999 Words   |  8 Pages Discuss the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and phobias and describe how you would treat these issues with hypnotherapy In order to understand the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and phobias, it is necessary to first define what each one is and how it might affect individuals. Stress could be defined as a normal physiological response by the body to situations or stimuli which the brain perceives as dangerous or threatening to the body. The body is a complex system

David Luke Rocco An Innocent Man - 938 Words

David Luke Rocco is not an innocent man; his guilt has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt from the evidence presented at his prior trial. If it is known that law enforcement was, in fact, correct in searching this evidence, why should they be penalized for continuing with these searches? The plaintiff was stopped and arrested under the terms of a legitimate and current offense. What reasons do we have to deny law enforcement a search for further contraband/or crimes? Not only was the cell phone in the plaintiff’s possession at the time of the crime, but it was also unlocked allowing anyone access to the phone. The law enforcement, at the time, had reason to believe that immediate danger could come to them through this cell phone (what if he had texted a detonation or an attack). Should we excuse the evidence merely because it was found as general offenses rather than the specific intended offenses? Statement of the Facts David Luke Rocco was a gang member who committed multiple crimes, including shooting at an occupied vehicle, attempted murder, and assault with a semi-automatic weapon. After being stopped for driving with expired license plates, his cellphone was seized and searched by the police which helped identify and convict him of these crimes. Evidence found included a photo of the plaintiff standing in front of the car he was convicted of shooting and standing near other men who were accused as accomplices to this crime, videos of the plaintiffShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages(Prentice Hall, 2012) Management, 11th ed. with Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2012) Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 10th ed., with David DeCenzo (Wiley, 2010) Prentice Hall’s Self-Assessment Library 3.4 (Prentice Hall, 2010) Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed. , with David DeCenzo and Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Supervision Today! 7th ed., with David DeCenzo and Robert Wolter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Training in Interpersonal Skills: TIPS for Managing People at Work, 6th ed., with Phillip

Review Of Escape From New York Essay Example For Students

Review Of Escape From New York Essay In the opening sequence of John Carpenters Escape From New York, an anonymous narrator sets the tone of desperation and hopelessness with the line once you go in, you never come out. The narrator is referring to the only rule in the maximum security prison built on Manhattan Island. The prison, which was built in 1981 as a reaction to the crime rate going up 400 percent, has no guards. Its every man for himself. The once busy streets of New York city are now nearly deserted, decayed, and run by criminals. The hell on Earth is so unbearable that some attempt to break out of the prison, on a raft, in an almost EscapeFrom Alcatraz fashion in the opening scene. The plot thickens as a group of terrorists hijack the Presidents plane and crash it in New York. The President is now somewhere in the New York prison and holds an importanttape containing a speech that could prevent another world war. Snake Plissken, a tough, renowned war hero and recent inmate of the prison, is the governments o nly hope to save the world. Snake must capture the Presidentwithin 24 hours so the President can present the tape at a peace summit the next day. In exchange for his good deed, the government promises to pardon him for every crime he has ever committed. The only catch is the two capsules implanted in his head. If he doesnt complete the mission in 24 hours the capsules will explode. Along the journey, Snake meets a rainbow of characters. He runs into Cabbie, who has driven the same taxifor 30 years in New York. He represents the nostalgia of the once great Big Apple. Snake fights the evil Duke ofNew York to capture the President. The Duke is the typical bad guy clad in lavish gold chains and surrounded by agroup of dimwitted followers. Snake befriends Brain, a timid reserved genius and Maggie, his beautiful girlfriend. Their love affair adds a humanistic touch to the cold insensitive surroundings. In the midstof escaping from the prison, Brain dies on a bridge. Maggie refuses to go on with Snake and calmly awaits her own impending death on the bridge. Dismal tragedy doesnt dominate the movie, however. Elements of humor are found in scenes such as the prisoners song and dance rendition of the Broadway tune Everybodys Coming to New York and the recurring line mentioned to Snake by each person he meets: I thought you were dead. In addition to humor, several strong themes are found in the film. Escape From New York can be easily compared to a mythic epic journey despite Snakes anti-hero I dont give a damn qualities. The gods (the government) sends Snake on a journey to capture the President. Difficult obstacles hinder his quest. At one point, he must fight a giant with clubs (baseball bats with spikes attached) and a shield (a trashcan lid). EscapeFrom New York can also be compared to a Western with a futuristic twist. The good guys (Snake) and the bad guys (the Duke and his gang) are clearly defined. Old fashioned pistols are replaced with explosives and machineguns. The most obvious theme, however, is its attempt to address todays social problems. If the crime rateactually rose dramatically, what would America do about it? Would they take such drastic measures and put allthe misfits of society on an island to die to avoid the risk of repeat offenders? The issue of Americas diminishing trust in fair honest government and its leaders is also raised. When Snake is told that the Presidentis missing he nonchalantly says, So? Get a new one. This movie attempts to enlighten the viewer about these issues in addition to entertaining them. .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 , .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .postImageUrl , .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 , .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9:hover , .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9:visited , .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9:active { border:0!important; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9:active , .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9 .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u946f27d32c70bb0a98f769180ace5ce9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parenting Styles EssayMany critics have complained that this movie leaves too many questions unanswered, but I find Carpentersuse your imagination approach to the movie refreshing. In the final scene, Snake asks the President how he feels about the lives lost in the attempt to rescue him (the President). The President, who is about to go the air,impatiently responds this country appreciates their sacrifice. Snake walks away dissatisfied with the Presidents halfhearted answer as the President plays the tape containing the important

MEKANISME HEMOSTASIS Essays - , Term Papers

MEKANISME HEMOSTASIS Urutan mekanisme hemostasis dan koagulasi dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut: 1. Segera setelah pembuluh darah terpotong atau pecah, rangsangan dari pembuluh darah yang rusak itu menyebabkan dinding pembuluh berkontraksi sehingga dengan segera aliran darah dari pembuluh darah yang pecah akan berkurang (terjadi vasokontriksi). 2. Setelah itu, akan diikuti oleh adhesi trombosit, yaitu penempelan trombosit pada kolagen. ADP (adenosin difosfat) kemudian dilepaskan oleh trombosit kemudian ditambah dengan tromboksan A2 menyebabkan terjadinya agregasi (penempelan trombosit satu sama lain). Proses aktivasi trombosit ini terus terjadi sampai terbentuk sumbat trombosit, disebut juga hemostasis primer. 3. Setelah itu dimulailah kaskade koagulasi (lihat gambar.1) yaitu hemostasis sekunder, diakhiri dengan pembentukan fibrin. Produksi fibrin dimulai dengan perubahan faktor X menjadi faktor Xa. Faktor X diaktifkan melalui dua jalur, yaitu jalur ekstrinsik dan jalur intrinsik. Jalur ekstrinsik dipicu oleh tissue factor/tromboplastin. Kompleks lipoprotein tromboplastin selanjutnya bergabung dengan faktor VII bersamaan dengan hadirnya ion kalsium yang nantinya akan mengaktifkan faktor X. Jalur intrinsik diawali oleh keluarnya plasma atau kolagen melalui pembuluh darah yang rusak dan mengenai kulit. Paparan kolagen yang rusak akan mengubah faktor XII menjadi faktor XII yang teraktivasi. Selanjutnya faktor XIIa akan bekerja secara enzimatik dan mengaktifkan faktor XI. Faktor XIa akan mengubah faktor IX menjadi faktor IXa. 4. faktor IXa akan bekerja sama dengan lipoprotein trombosit, faktor VIII, serta ion kalsium untuk mengaktifkan faktor X menjadi faktor Xa. 5. faktor Xa yang dihasilkan dua jalur berbeda itu akan memasuki jalur bersama. Faktor Xa akan berikatan dengan fosfolipid trombosit, ion kalsium, dan juga faktor V sehingga membentuk aktivator protrombin. 6. Selanjutnya senyawa itu akan mengubah protrombin menjadi trombin. Trombin selanjutnya akan mengubah fibrinogen menjadi fibrin (longgar), dan akhirnya dengan bantuan fakor VIIa dan ion kalsium, fibrin tersebut menjadi kuat. Fibrin inilah yang akan menjerat sumbat trombosit sehingga menjadi kuat. 7. Selanjutnya apabila sudah tidak dibutuhkan lagi, bekuan darah akan dilisiskan melalui proses fibrinolitik. Proses ini dimulai dengan adanya proaktivator plasminogen yang kemudian dikatalis menjadi aktivator plasminogen dengan adanya enzim streptokinase, kinase jaringan, serta faktor XIIa. Selanjutnya plasminogen akan diubah menjadi plasmin dengan bantuan enzim seperti urokinase. Plasmin inilah yang akan mendegradasi fibrinogen/fibrin menjadi fibrin degradation product [pic] Gangguan hemostasis (perdarahan abnormal) dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal di bawah ini: 1. Kelainan vaskuler Kelainan vaskuler adalah sekelompok kelompok keadaan heterogen, yang ditandaiu oleh mudah memar dan perdarahan spontan dari poembuluh darah kecil. Kelainan yang mendasari terletak pada pembuluh darah itu sendiri atau dalam jaringan ikat perivaskular. Pada keadaan dseperti ini, uji penyaring standart member hasil normal. Masa perdarahan normal, uji hemostasis lain juga normal. Kelainan vaskular ini terdapat dua jenis yakni herediter yang berupa Telangiektasia hemoragik herediter, serta kelainan jaringan ikat. Jenis yang lain adalah Defek vaskular didapat . 2. Trombositopenia Trombositopenia didefinisikan sebagai jumlah trombosit kurang dari 100.000/mm3. Biasanya ditandai dengan purpura kulit spontan, perdarahan mukosa, dan perdarahan berkepanjangan setelah trauma. Beberapa penyebab trombositopenia antara lain: (1)Kegagalan produksi trombosit .Ini merupakan penyebab tersering trombositopenia yang biasanya juga merupakan bagian dari kegagalan sumsum tulang generalisata Penekanan megakarisit selektif dapat disebabkan oleh toksisitas obat atau infeksi virus. (2)Peningkatan destruksi trombosit, Hal ini dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis yakni: a.Trombositopenia imun,termasuk di dalamnya ITP, karena infeksi, purpura pascatranfusi, Trombositopenia imun karena diinduksi obat, b.Purpura trombositopenia trombotik c.Koagulasi intravaskular diseminata, (3)Distribusi trombosit abnormal, (4)Kehilangan akibat dilusi, yakni berupa transfuse masif darah simpan pada pasien dengan perdarahan. 3. Gangguan koagulasi Bisa karena herediter maupun didapat, yang umumnya menggangu faktor-faktor koagulasi. a.Herediter : hemofilia A dan hemofilia B b.Didapat : defisiensi vitamin K dan penyakit hati 4.Gangguan fungsi trombosit Dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yakni: a.Didapat 1) karena obat anti trombosit seperti aspirin, 2).hiperglobulinemia, 3).kelainan mieloproliferatif dan mielodisplastik , serta 4)Uremia. b.Kelainan herediter 1) Trombastenia, 2)Sinsrom Bernard soulier, 3) Penyakit penyimpanan KELAINAN KOAGULASI . Hemofili A . Hemofili B . Kekurangan vit K (II,VII, IX, XI) Ganggan fungsi hati . DIC Adanya tissue factor (endotoxin, kerusakan jaringan dll) TF aktivasi koagulasi diikuti aktifasi fibrinolitik bergantian. Trombositopeni, APTT, PPT, TT memanjang, fibrinogen turun, FDP squestrasi PEMERIKSAAN LAB HEMOFILIA . Clotting time memanjang . APTT memanjang . Kadar Faktor VII menurun pada hemophilia A dan faktor IX menurun pada hemophilia B DIAGNOSIS DARI HASIL LAB PADA HEMOFILIA . Clotting time memanjang, Bleeding time normal . APTT memanjang, PPT normal

6C0X1 CDC Set A Essays

6C0X1 CDC Set A Essays 6C0X1 CDC Set A Paper 6C0X1 CDC Set A Paper What act simplified the procurement of any item estimated at less than $100,000 and addedthe micro-purchase threshold of $2,500? a. Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act. What agencys objective is to provide aid and counseling to small businesses? Small Business Administration. When a government contract is ambiguous, interpretation is normally construes against the government If the government official clarifies an ambiguous contract, the contractor is entitled to rely on the clarification Which is a correct statement concerning sovereign power? It is the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state isgoverned. The elements of the government;s dual capacity are proprietary and sovereign. As a general rule, what is the government;s status as a party to a contract? The government has a dual capacity;;that of a party to the contract and as a sovereign. On which type contract can the government be sued? Implied-in-fact and expressed. The government cannot be sued on a claim brought on which type contract? Implied-in-law. State law is generally not applied in federal procurement cases since state courts have no jurisdiction to decide matters of federal procurement. In the principal-agent relationship, which party acts on behalf of another party? Agent Which party is the contractor? Third Party Which party is the contractor? Express and implied. Express actual authority is created by explicit language in writing or orally from the principal to the agent. Which is characteristic of implied authority? It is necessary or incidental to carrying out the express authority. When government personnel make a mistake, the US Supreme Court has stated that rather than adopt a rule that might injure the public, it is better for an individual to occasionally suffer from the mistakes. Who is responsible for ascertaining whether government agents are acting within the bounds of their authority? The contractor. Estoppel means to restrain a person to prevent him from contradicting his own previous assertion. When selecting contracting officers (CO), what does the appointing authority consider? Complexity and dollar value of the acquisition. A contracting officer (CO) appointment must be reviewed at least every five years. Which statement is true concerning the contracting officer;s (CO) appointment or termination? In no event will the termination of a contracting officer (CO) be retroactive. What occurs when someone other than the contracting officer (CO) tries to make an agreement without the authority? Unauthorized commitment. What action may be taken for a nonratifiable commitment? Resolution by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) claim procedures. For a contract to be enforceable, its terms must be clear enough to permit the courts to interpret the duties and obligations to be performed by either party. When no time is stated, how long will an offer continue? Until the expiration of a reasonable time. An offeror;s withdrawal of an offer before acceptance is called a revocation. Which of these is an example of rejecting an offer? Proposing a counter offer. Which statement is true concerning communicating acceptance of a contract? If the time, place, and means of communication are expressed by the offeror, no other time, place, or means will constitute an acceptance. The term ;mutual assent; indicates the parties involved intend that a contract be formed. What is the name given to the exchange of promises? Consideration. What is meant by adequate consideration? The consideration in the exchange is a fair bargain. A promise to do something that one is not legally bound to do constitutes a detriment. Which individual would be considered competent to enter into a contract? A 23-year-old car salesperson. If the competency of a corporation is drawn into question, the contracting officer (CO) should call the Secretary of state where the contractor resides, does business, or is incorporated. As a general rule, a contract that violates a statute is unlawful and void and will not be enforced. Which statement most closely defines categories of contracts that are unenforceable as against public policy? Contracts that go against the common sense conscience of the community. Which position is responsible for managing the socio-economic and other public policy programs? Director of business programs. Which is not a function of the contracting superintendent? Appointment of contracting officers (CO). Why should contracting officer (CO) authority be discussed in every customer education training session? All of the above. To promote and provide for the acquisition of commercial items and to promote full and open competition to the maximum extent possible, contracting officers (CO) must perform acquisition planning and conduct market research. Which organization contains the Defense Acquisition Regulation Council (DAR Council) director? Secretary of Defense. What is meant by implementing the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)? Providing agency procedures to carry out the prescriptions in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR). By whose order is the Air Force Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (AFFARS) issued? Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. In determining the action to take in a specific case requiring a contract adjustment, the Comptroller General Decisions are referred to and used as precedents. What is the definition of a classified contract? Any contract that requires, or may require, access to classified information by the contractor in the performance of the contract. The requirements of the Defense Industrial Security Program (DISP) would apply to which of the following contracts? Classified. The major determining factor in deciding if information qualifies as contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information is that it contains information that has not previously been made available to the public. Which of these is not an example of contractor bid or proposal information? Cost or technical evaluation of proposals. How is source selection information marked? Mark the cover and each page containing information ;Source Selection Information-See FAR 3.104.; Services of a type offered and sold competitively in substantial quantities in the commercial marketplace for tasks performed under standard commercial terms and conditions can be considered commercial items if they are based on established catalog or market prices for specific tasks performed. For acquisitions estimated below the simplified acquisition threshold (SAT), market research must be done when adequate information is not available and the circumstances justify the cost. Simplified acquisition procedures (SAP) may be used for the acquisition of commercial itemsup to a maximum of $5,000,000. What factors affect the amount of market research conducted? Urgency, complexity, estimated dollar value, and past experience. If you determine that the requirement in a purchase request meets the definition of a commercial item and the item is customarily available in the commercial marketplace, what part of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) should you consult for procedures for the solicitation and award? 12 The contracting officer (CO) must always ensure the final description in a purchase request specifies needs using market research in a manner designed to do all of the following except include restrictive provisions or conditions. Who is responsible for the final description of need used in a solicitation? Contracting officer. Supplies and services identified in a purchase request must be stated in terms of functions to be performed, performance required, or essential physical characteristics. All of the following should be included in a ;brand name or equal; purchase description except a request for bid samples of brand name specified. What requirement may be used in place of ;minimum needs of the government; to get the best value for your customer and increase competition? Performance target. Unnecessarily short or difficult delivery schedules tend to restrict competition. The government may recoup some or all of its probable damages caused by delayed delivery or performance of the contractor by invoking the liquidated damages clause. FAR Subpart 4.8 establishes procedures for maintaining contract files to ensure uniformity from one activity to another. Why is this important? Ensure all documents regarding contract actions are kept in conformance with agency regulations for file location and maintenance. Which types of copies of contractual instruments can become part of the official contract file? Original, authenticated copies, and conformed copies. What type of contracting instrument would have the letter ;M; in the ninth position of the procurement instrument identification number (PIIN)? Manual purchase order. What should be done with documents that are attached to the purchase request? Review them to ensure they contain all information required for the acquisition. Which of the following may not be used to develop an independent government cost estimate? Quote developed for the customer by a commercial market vendor. Why must any special packaging, marking, or preservation requirements be included in a customer;s purchase request? So appropriate instructions and applicable provisions and clauses may be included in a solicitation. A special form of written approval by an authorized official that is required by statute or regulation as a prerequisite to taking certain contracting actions is known as a determination and finding. Each determination and finding shall set forth enough facts and circumstances to clearly and convincingly justify the specific determination made. The approval granted by a determination and finding is restricted to proposed contract actions described in that determination and finding. What is the first required source of services for federal agencies? JWOD participating nonprofit agencies. General Services Administration (GSA), Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), and the Veterans Affairs (VA) are all examples of what type of supply source? Wholesale. One of the biggest advantages to purchasing items estimated at less than $2,500 from a Government Services Administration (GSA) contract is that the price has already been determined fair and reasonable By establishing an indefinite delivery contract, you are allowing for prepriced deliveries of items under contract. The terms and conditions of an indefinite contract delivery order are established by the terms and conditions of the basic contract. What information may be used to ensure that small business concerns are given opportunities to respond to solicitations issued using simplified acquisition procedures (SAP)? Business status information from the source list. Acquisitions estimated at what dollar amount are reserved exclusively for small business concerns? Exceeding the micro-purchase threshold, but less than the SAT. If the contracting officer receives only one acceptable offer from a responsible small business concern in response to a small business set-aside, what action should the contracting officer take? Award to the responding small business. If the contracting officer suspects, or has information to indicate, that the price received from a contractor on a micro-purchase may not be reasonable, the contracting officer should take actions to verify price reasonableness. For purchases exceeding the micro-purchase threshold, but not exceeding the simplified acquisition threshold (SAT), what procedures may the contracting officer elect to use? SAP, sealed bidding, or negotiations. When must contracting officers use the government-wide point of entry (GPE) to solicit? When soliciting purchases exceeding $25,000. When a synopsis is not required, how is the requirement competed? Solicitation of at least three sources. Streamlined synopsis/solicitation procedures may be used for acquisition of commercial items using a written solicitation. The contracting officer may establish a response time of less than 30 days when issuing a synopsis/solicitation for items not expected to exceed the SAT. Public law requires that contracts for the acquisition of commercial items shall, to the maximum extent practicable, include only those clauses required to implement provisions of law or executive orders, or those clauses determined to be consistent with customary commercial practice. Because of the broad range of items acquired by the government, the variations in commercial practices, and the relative volume of the government;s acquisition in specific markets, contracting officers may tailor provisions to adapt to the market conditions for each acquisition. How is tailoring accomplished? By addenda to the solicitation and contract. If only one reply is received in response to a solicitation estimated at less than the simplified acquisition threshold (SAT), what action must the contracting officer take before making the award? Include a statement in the contract file giving the basis of the determination of fair and reasonable price. What may be used in lieu of obtaining individual quotations each time a purchase for the same item is contemplated? Standing price quotation. When, in response to a solicitation for commercial items, a contractor proposes more than one product that will meet a government need, the contracting officer shall evaluate each product as a separate offer. It is not necessary to describe the relative importance of evaluation factors when using simplified acquisition procedures (SAP) of FAR Part 13. If the government issues an order resulting from a quotation, when may the government withdraw, amend, or cancel its offer? At any time before acceptance occurs. ; If a contractor has been excluded from government contracting for a reasonable, specified period of time because of conviction on a criminal offense in connection with obtaining a public contract, that contractor is considered to be debarred. What action should be taken if legal proceedings are not initiated within 12 months after the date of a suspension notice? Terminate the suspension. Micro-purchase is acquisition of supplies and services with a total amount that does not exceed $2,500. You do not need advanced authorization when using the government-wide purchase card (GPC) to purchase basketballs for the base gym. When a government purchase card (GPC) is used as a payment method, who performs the purchase, acceptance, and payment? Cardholder and immediate supervisor or above. When you are making a purchase using the Standard Form 44, Purchase Order;Invoice Voucher (Storage Safeguard Form), all of the following conditions must be satisfied except wartime conditions are present. Responsibility for exercising direction, control, and oversight of purchases using imprest funds rests with the base contracting officer. To the maximum extent possible, purchase orders for commercial items should include only those clauses required to implement provisions of law, or executive order, and those clauses that are determined to be consistent with prevailing commercial practice. Which clause must be included in an unpriced purchase order? Notice to Supplier. Under a blanket purchase agreement, the government is obligated for authorized purchases only. The contracting officer shall ensure that each blanket purchase agreement is reviewed at least annually. It is not mandatory for all blanket purchase agreements to contain an approved price list with specific items. How many days written notice must a contractor give to the government to cancel a blanket purchasing agreement? 30 days. Under fast payment procedures, payment is made before verifying receipt and acceptance but after invoicing. The government can exercise its right to the option period during the current performance period. Options are evaluated by adding the total price for all options to the total price for the basic requirement. What types of contracts are authorized for the acquisition of commercial items? Firm-fixed-price and fixed price contracts with EPA. Which is not an accepted price adjustment type used with a fixed-price contract with economic price adjustment? Price averaging. Which type of contract should be used to procure precious metals? fixed-price with economic price adjustment. The contract price of a fixed-price contract with economic price adjustment may be revised a. downward only based on negotiations. upward and downward within the limitations of the clause. A definite-quantity contract may be used when it can be determined in advance that a definite quantity of supplies or services will be required during the contract period and the supplies or services are regularly available or will be available after a short-lead time. When the government cannot predetermine (within stated limits) the precise quantities of supplies or services that will be required during the contract period, the contracting officer would use aindefinite-quantity contract. indefinite-quantity contract. When an indefinite-quantity type contract is being used, performance or deliveries are scheduled by placing an order with the contractor. The contract must clearly define the requirements for the contractor;s control of quality for the supplies or services to be acquired; however, no contract may preclude the government from performing inspections. Unless specifically reserved, responsibility for performing all inspections and tests as required by the contract rests with the contractor. If supplies or services are rejected as nonconforming, notices of rejection shall be promptly furnished to the contractor and will include reasons for rejection. Ordinarily, what option is given to the contractor because of a notice of rejection for nonconformance? Correct or replace any nonconforming supplies at no additional cost to the government. Why are contractors required to mark supplies, or otherwise furnish notice with the supplies, of the existence of the warranty? Inform government personnel who store, stock or use the supplies. The implied warranty of merchantability provides that an item is reasonably fit for the ordinary purposes for which such items are used. The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA) requires that contracting officers take advantage of commercial warranties offered to the maximum extent practicable. The principle purpose of a warranty is to delineate the rights and obligations of the contractor and the government for defective items and services and to foster quality performance. A contract action that changes or alters the agreement between the parties of a contract is called a modification. Who has the authority to execute contract modifications on behalf of the government? Contracting officers acting within the scope of their authority. Requests for follow-up should be generated by the requesting activity when the supplies or services have not been received by 1300 hours of the sixth day following the scheduled delivery date. When a contractor has failed to make delivery or cure a delinquency, and has not justified the delay, the contracting officer should take appropriate action to cancel or terminate the order if in the government;s best interest. Which one is not considered an administrative error? Obvious errors in the unit price. If the contractor has yet to deliver or begin performance on an order and you need to make a change not affecting cost of the item or delivery, to what type of agreement should you attempt to have the contractor agree? No cost change to the contract without modification. The two types of contract modifications are unilateral and bilateral. Unilateral modifications are allowed for no cost amended shipping instructions to a unilateral purchase order and for any change made before work begins if the change is within the scope of the original order. Which action should a contracting officer take to accomplish an administrative change? unilateral modification. A contractor has notified the contracting officer of the intent not to accept a unilateral purchase order. In this situation, the contracting officer must proceed with cancellation of the order. The termination of acquisitions of commercial items is covered in Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 12, with FAR Part 49 as guidance. The contractor shall be liable to the government for all rights and remedies provided by law if the contract was terminated for cause. Under the Contract Terms and Conditions-Commercial Items clause, the contractor is required to notify the contracting officer of an excusable delay as soon as possible after commencement of an excusable delay. A cure notice notifies the contractor of a specific condition that the government considers to be endangering performance of the contract. When termination is for the government;s convenience, what may a contractor use to demonstrate charges resulting from the termination for which the contractor is entitled to be paid? Records from the contractor;s standard record keeping system. When does the government have the right to terminate a contract for default after issuing a cure notice and the contractor has not corrected the failure? 10 days after receipt of the cure notice. Instead of terminating for default, the contracting officer has several options. This does not include Instead of terminating for default, the contracting officer has several options. This does not include The contracting officer has grounds to terminate a contractor for default when there is an actual failure or fails to progress to perform contractual obligations. When supplies or services are still required after termination for default, the contracting officer should repurchase the same or similar supplies or services against the contractor;s account as soon as possible. Contract files using simplified acquisition procedures are considered closed when the contracting officer receives evidence of receipt of property and final payment. Data transfer, storage, and retrieval procedures must record and reproduce the original document completely, accurately, and clearly. In addition, the procedures must protect the original data from alteration.

Will The Middle Class survive in the United States Term Paper

Will The Middle Class survive in the United States - Term Paper Example Alternatively, a counterargument is presented to the effect that the middle class does not exist. The most important rhetoric of the modern society is perhaps based on the financial integrity and performance and the interplay with benefits and liabilities presented to individuals’ financial abilities. While social stratification may not be a welcome idea in the modern society, economic potential unfortunately creates an imprint of social classes dependent primarily on the economic status of individuals. Among the five presumed socioeconomic classes is the middle class which can be defined as the class comprising of between one-third to a fifth of employees in an economy and has white-collar employees, junior managers, small and middle entrepreneurs. In the apparent social stratification and classification, there are two lower classes ranking below the middle class and two classes higher in ranking than the middle class. From the table above, Weston (2011) tries to illustrate the definition of the various socioeconomic classes based on the range of earnings that they make and the position of the middle class has been highlighted in bold. Below and above this class, there are two socioeconomic classes with a possibility to move up and down the classes being dependent on the performance on earnings and individuals’ financial status. Depending on the general performance of the national economy, the distribution of the classes across the population may depict certain patterns. As an illustration, in the developed economies, the population in the advanced classes is higher than in the lower classes, which is the exact opposite in developing economies. Equally, the possibility of movement up and down the classes is reminiscent of the prevailing economic environment. It therefore implies that the middle class is composed or relatively better

Financial Reporting & Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Reporting & Analysis - Coursework Example The researcher of this coursework describes the subject of the conceptual framework in financial accounting as well as on an evaluation of whether the criticism, that is leveled on the conceptual framework for failing to fulfill its main objective depends on outlining the main objectives of conceptual framework and comparison with what is undertaken in the field by the practice. The analysis depends on actualizing that the conceptual framework financial accounting concurrently reflects, represents, mirrors, or measures the normal feature of the pre-existent economic reality. The conceptual framework can further be analyzed in terms of the evaluating the accounting principles, inherent concepts and enhanced or entailed focus of general function financial reporting elaborated in the Conceptual framework. The main idea behind the introduction and development of the conceptual framework lies in the provision of the structure for creating accounting standards that act as the main or sole center for resolving emergent accounting disputes. In conclusion, the researcher sums up his study and opinions and states that the criticism of a conceptual framework for being a failure and not satisfying its purposeful roles is hence notable and real. Lack of certain rules in the frameworks denies the essential regards desired for control of the professional. The framework, hence requires a streamlined approach aimed to mend the framework that would create a real economic approach that is healthy for the accounting profession in entirety

CALPUFF-CALMET Modeling System

CALPUFF-CALMET Modeling System 1. Introduction Nowadays, due to the fast expansion of industrial development and population increase, air pollution has become one of the most serious problems in the world, especially in large cities and consequently, the problem of air pollution and its control has become increasingly. Fossil fuel combustion, especially which based on oil and coal is one of the major causes of the environmental problems affecting both local and global levels. However, several countries are still using fossil fuels as primary energy, especially in developing countries. Electricity consumption in Iran has experienced a considerable growth during recent years because of economical development, industrialization and population increase. In 1973, electric energy generation per capita was 310 kWh, which increased to 2935 kWh in 2008. Electricity generation using fossil fuels has destructive effects on environment. Due to Irans environmental conditions, electricity generation is mainly performed by thermal power plants, so that near 85% of the required electric energy is produced by thermal power plants. Gas-fired power plants are the dominant part which accounted up to 62% of total power generation. Oil-fired power plants generated 22.4% and 14.7% produced from hydroelectric plants. Although hydroelectric plants make 14.7% proportion of plants in Iran, these plants have generated only 5.1% of the power due to a fall in precipitation over the past few years. Natural gas (71.3%) is the largest source of fuel for electricity generation followed by heavy oil (15.8%) and gas oil (12.4%). Although, the main fuel of power plants is gas, the environmental problems are still concerned Air quality is a major determinant of human health. Meteorology plays a great role in determining air quality changes downwind of emission sources. Both the wind and atmospheric stability greatly affect dispersion conditions. Local influences due to terrain and land-cover factors can also be important. Air dispersion and deposition models are tools for estimating concentrations of air pollutants and deposition rates due to industrial or other emission sources (Prince Rupert Airshed Study). Air quality models are instrumental in providing valuable insights into the processes involved in the transport, dispersion and chemical transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere .These models use mathematical equations and numerical methods to describe the concepts involved in the atmosphere. In recent years, CALPUFF model has good performance in the simulation of many kinds of pollutants under complicated topography, especially in the area larger than 50 km. CALPUFF can be run in any specific location around the world, and for any modeling type period selected by the user. Due to its flexibility, CALPUFF has been used in several research studies. Over the past years, several CALPUFF-aided case studies have been published. Shiyao Li et al. (2016) used CALPUFF model to simulate the spatial distribution of sulfur dioxide in Urumqi and analyzes the source contribution to areas where the SO2 concentration is high. Prueksakorn et al. (2014) applied WRF/CALPUFF modeling system and multimonitoring methods to investigate the effect of seasonal variations on odor dispersion in Changwon City of South Korea. Abdul-Wahab et al. (2011) used CALPUFF software to measure and simulate the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at the Mina Al-Fahal Refinery in the Sultanate of Oman. Abdul-Wahab et al. (2013) used CALPUFF to study the effect of meteorological conditions on the dispersion of an accidental release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Abdul-Wahab et al. (2015) applied CALPUFF to assess the quality of the proposed Miller Braeside quarry expansion in Canada. Hyung-Don Lee et al. (2014) used WRF-CALPUFF software to simulate concentration distributi ons of typical air pollutants (PM10 and SO2) in the Ulsan Petrochemical Industrial Complex (UPIC), and statistics are computed to determine the models ability to simulate observations. In this study, a CALMET diagnostic model nested to WRF model simulation is evaluated by comparison to surface air measurements, along specific periods. Then the CALPUFF dispersion model was used to simulate and predict the concentration of SO2, NOX, CO and PM10 that are emitted from the Shahid-Montazeri power plant (SMPP) of Esfahan, Iran.   The main goal of this study is to evaluate the capability of the CALPUFF model to simulate the concentrations of SO2, NOX, CO and PM10 in the nearby of power plant for special topographical and climatological conditions of the study area. First, the amounts of pollution exhausted from the stacks and the ambient concentrations of pollution due to the emitted gases from the stacks of Shahid-Montazeri power plant have been monitored in four receptors (Figure 1). Then the ambient concentration levels of pollution have been simulated for the receptors, using CALPPUF Lagrangian Gaussian puff model. Finally, the comparison of model prediction results and the monitored concentrations have been done through statistical analysis. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. Model description Technical description of CALPUFF-CALMET modeling system CALPUFF is one of the US Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) preferred models for assessing transport of pollutants and their effects, on a case-by-case basis, or for certain near-field applications involving complex meteorological conditions. The modeling system consists of three main components and a set of preprocessing and post processing programs. The main components of the modeling system are CALMET (a diagnostic 3-dimensional meteorological model), CALPUFF (an air quality dispersion model) and CALPOST (a post processing package). CALMET is a diagnostic meteorological model which can make use of topography, land type, meteorological observation data and meteorological simulation data to diagnosis of wind and temperature fields based on the mass conservation equation. Besides the wind and temperature fields, CALMET determines the 2D fields of micro meteorological variables needed to carry out dispersion simulations (mixing height, Monin Obukhov length, friction velocity, convective velocity and others). The quality of a meteorological preprocessor is one of the main determinants of the overall quality of the air dispersion model, and this is particularly true for the CALPUFF/CALMET modeling system in a wide range of conditions. The main purpose of CALMET is to obtain the best possible meteorological data based on the available information. In particular, CALMET can receive measured data, modeled data (i.e., generated by a meteorological model like MM5 or WRF), or both. When a high-resolution terrain data set is available, CALMET is capable of using this information to estimate local deviations from meteorological data measured or modeled at a coarser resolution (Scire J.S). CALPUFF is a multi-species non-steady-state puff dispersion model that simulates the effects of time and space varying meteorological conditions on pollutant transport, transformation, and removal. CALPUFF allows the use of on-site turbulence measurements of the horizontal and vertical Gaussian dispersion coefficients, but also allows for the use of similarity theory and micrometeorological variables, derived from meteorological observations and surface characteristics, to obtain these coefficients. CALPUFF utilizes a Gaussian puff formulation to calculate the concentration of a pollutant (or spores, in our application) at any given location downwind, and the deposition at users specified locations at ground level (Use of a complex air pollution model to estimate W. Pfender). CALPOST can extract CALPUFF simulation data according to customers demand (Spatial distribution and source analysis of SO2 concentration in Urumqi). 3. Methodology a. Description of study area and model domain Isfahan is located in the central Iran inside the plains stretching along the Zayandeh Rood River. The city is located in a relatively mountainous area in the center of the Iranian Plateau and stretches from the snowy Zagros Mountains in the West to the East and North-central deserts of Iran. There exist a variety of climatic conditions in the city thanks to regions with different altitudes. The outstanding features of Isfahan are little rainfall, average less than 125 mm. Isfahan is located in 32.67N, 51.83E, and elevation 1550-1650 m, with more than 1.7 million population (https://amar.sci.org.ir/index_e.aspx). There are more than a million automotive and heavy duty vehicles using diesels, gasoline, and natural gas in Isfahan. This city is known as the largest industrialized region in Iran, where there are many industrial states, steel companies, and etc. There is also one of the biggest electric power plant of Iran. Shahid-Montazeri steam power plant of Esfahan is located 15 km to the northwest of Isfahan along the Isfahan-Tehran highway next to Isfahan Refinery and Petrochemical Complex in a 2.2 million m2 land (Evaluation of synchronous execution of full repowering and solar assisting in a 200 MW steam power plant, a case study) (Figure 1). This power plant has 8 similar steam units each with a capacity of 200 MW. Montazeri plant is a steam power plant which is recently use natural gas. However, Montazeri uses heavy oil during the cold days due to increasing the domestic heating. The study area is located around as Montazeri power plant, with a total capacity of 1600 MW and two large smoke stacks (205 agl-m height, above ground level meters height and 1725 base elevetion) with four independent liners (one per boiler) in the same concrete shaft that are selected point sources (Figure 2).   Therefore, it should be considered as eight different point sources practically located at the same point; alternatively, it can be considered as a two point sources, with an emission and stack section as the sum of the four liners (Validation of CALMET/CALPUFF model simulations around a large power plant stack). In this study, dispersion of SO2, Nox, and particulate matter (pm10) emitted from the Montazeri power plant over the Esfahan basin was evaluated for two periods of days (from 10 to 31 January 2000). A simulation domain of 100100 km2 was selected by the power plant positioned at the center, in order to cover any pollutant source local impact. This area is divided into 10000 grids, the size of which is 1 km 1 km. The southwest corner of the domain is located at longitude 50.96E, latitude 32.35N. The northeast corner is located at longitude 52.03E, latitude 33.24N and the elevation of the study area varies from 1500 to 2800 m. Table 1 represents the information model input which is used for defining the case study meteorological domain. b. Emission data The main sources of pollutants in Montazeri power plant are resulted from exhaust gases of the stacks which cause air pollution in the power plant area and its surrounding. The values of SO2, NO, NO2 and PM10 emissions from the stacks of Montazeri power plant have been measured by Testo 350-XL device for gases and ISOSTACK BASIC device for particulate maater, during the period of simulation. The data of stack characteristics and the emission rate of the pollutant have been presented in Tables 2. This release huge quantities of sulfur dioxide due to Steam power plants of Iran are not equipped with FGD systems to reduce SO2 emissions, and thereby, the emission factor of this pollutant is only influenced by electricity generation efficiency and sulfur percentage of the consumed heavy oil. In this study, we used data observed from four monitoring station to measure so2, nox and pm 10 (figure 1). Location of the monitoring stations (receptors) has been presented in Cartesian coordinate system in Table 2. Measurements at the monitoring station were done based on the average hour concentrations. c. Meteorological data Surface hourly observations in TD-3505 format were obtained from the Integrated Surface Hourly Database (ISHD) supported by the US National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) . Data was extracted hourly for the entire modeling period from March 10, 2012 at 00h00 UTC to March 12, 2012 at 23h00 LST. Due to the large number of missing data of the other surface meteorological parameters (such as: pressure, ceiling height and cloud cover) only temperature and wind speed were validated.   The purpose of extracting this data was only to evaluate the accuracy of the calmet model to simulate the vertical profiles of wind and temperature. Figure 3 shows the location of the meteorological station used in this study and a description of the surface stations is provided in table 3 d. Modeling approach The initial phase of CALPUFF modeling system involves the derivation of three dimensional meteorological wind fields for the study area using CALMET a diagnostic meteorological model (Estimated Public Health Exposure to H2S Emissions from a Sour Gas Well Blowout in Kaixian County, China). The input of CALMET model includes geophysical data (land use categories and terrain elevations), meteorological data (surface and upper air meteorological observations or meteorological fields generated by prognostic models) (A study of the effects of vehicle emissions on the atmosphere of Sultan Qaboos University in Oman). Due to lack of the surface and upper air meteorological data in the study area we used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF: version 3.5.1) model to simulate of meteorological conditions. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), a prognostic meteorological model, was used to calculate the hourly three-dimensional meteorological fields For CALMET model (Applications of WR F/CALPUFF modeling system and multi-monitoring). The WRF model description presented in Table 2. Initial conditions and boundary conditions are provided by the 1.0 degree National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL) at 6-h intervals (Use of high-resolution MM5/CALMET/CALPUFF system: SO2 apportionment to air quality in Hong Kong). Data in WRF output files can be interpreted and converted to a format compatible with CALMET by CALWRF program (Scire et. al.2000b). CALMET requires geophysical data to characterize the terrain and land use parameters that potentially affect dispersion. Terrain features affect flows, create turbulence in the atmosphere, and are potentially subjected to higher concentrations of elevated puffs. Different land use types exhibit variable characteristics such as surface roughness, albedo, Bowen ratio, and leafarea index that also affect turbulence and dispersion (The use of an atmospheric dispersion model to determine influence regions in the Prince George, B.C.). Terrain elevation for the CALMET was obtained using the TERREL processor. The model was executed with terrain maps provided by Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the Consortium for Spatial Information (CSI) website (http://www.cgiar-csi.org/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1), Data were collected as part of the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and processed by CSI into 5 x 5 degree tiles at 90-metre resolution. Land characteristics in the domain were extracted using the CALMET pre-processor CTGPROC. The input land use maps were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) websites in GeoTIFF format. Terrain characteristics map in the study area has been displayed in Fig. 3. To provide meteorological input to the CALPUFF model, the CALMET diagnostic model and WRF mesoscale prognostic model were coupled. The CALPUFF model uses the output file from CALMET together with source, receptor, and chemical reaction information to predict hourly concentrations. e. Statistical Data Analysis To determine the reliability of the simulation data, verification of simulated values using the WRF and CALMET models was conducted for surface temperature and wind speed at surface monitoring station using several statistical indicators. The statistical verification of model performance in this study was performed using four statistical indicators namely the Bias Error (B), Gross Error (E), Fractional Bias (FB), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Index of Agreement (IOA). The formulas used to derive these four indicators are given in Equations

Animals In Our Society Essay -- Marketing Animals

â€Å"Much as we might want to understand animals at a level deeper than pop culture, we can only understand them in terms of our own experiences, language and emotions, and interpreted within our social, historical and cultural contexts. The only way we have of understanding animals is to recognize that ‘when we gaze at animals we hold up a mirror to ourselves’ (Corbett, 176). Animal messages are brought to us by the pop culture industry, whose job it is to create, disseminate, and sell meaning. In most cases, they aren’t selling you a moose, but what a moose means to you for example – the characteristics and qualities that you and most people associate with the species. Based on common meanings presented to us from an early age, animals are the perfect shorthand communication symbol. We use animals as devices, metaphors and symbols for a great deal of our expressions and ideas† (Corbett, 179). For years, animals have been at the center of our world; â€Å"the lives of animals and humans have been inextricably intertwined† (Corbett, 178). Thus, based on the close relationship between animals and humans throughout history, in my opinion animals have been used in all cultures to reflect the nature of humanity, symbolizing societal and individual characteristics. The traits of animals are very simple to observe and recognize, whereas human behavior is more intricate and difficult to describe. Animals are familiar creatures to us, which mutely encourage projection of people’s emotions and attitudes onto them. Animals can be used and as we have learned most recently, they are used to convey deep dimensions of human feelings and ideas. When I think of animals, their representation and their symbolism in our society, I immediately think of ani... ...in this piece, would be to dive into researching the answer to this: the fact that there I think there is something very clever to be said about a corporation that uses an animal to talk to its prospects, but are we really sure what that is? Are we sure what to say about a society that listens, and responds to spokescreatures? Perhaps we find them more credible than spokespersons. Do we? Works Cited Corbett, Julia B. Communicating Nature: How We Create and Understand Environmental Messages. Washington, DC: Island, 2006. Print. 2. "Seven Top Animal Symbols Used By Company Name Generators." EzineArticles Submission - Submit Your Best Quality Original Articles For Massive Exposure, Ezine Publishers Get 25 Free Article Reprints. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. .

Feminism in the Handmaid’s Tale Essay

Some would argue that Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale is a book that pulls its ideas and beliefs about women and their place in society from the Bible. But based upon the novel, the Bible, and some writings by Christian writers, that is true, but highly skewed. Let’s begin by taking a look at how society is setup in The Handmaid’s Tale so we can have a clear understanding where the author is coming from. The whole premise is that women have lost all power, freedom, choice, and equality and are instead deemed either suitable for slave/maid type work or bearing children. Girls are taken to Rachel and Leah Re-education center, or the red center, as the girls living there knew it, and â€Å"indoctrinated† or brainwashed into the ideologies of the government and taught that their only role is to conceive children. They are also told that the structure of this society (Gilead) is better for women, more respectful and safe. Offred, the main character in the novel has a very monotonous and strict routine everyday that consists of shopping for the commander, the man of the house, and visiting the doctor frequently to be checked, and then undergo the ceremony. This ceremony is the emotionless, speechless sex that she has with commander in order to bear children because of the sudden drop in reproduction in the past society. Now that we have the groundwork laid, lets look at a couple ways they skew the role of women from what it is meant to be according to the Bible. The ceremony that they participate in includes reading from the Bible before engaging in sex. The only problem with that whole idea, is that they only read a small passage of one book every time, that speaks about a barren women urging her husband to lie with her servant so they may have a child. The problem with this is that it’s taken completely out of context. The backstory to Rachel, the barren woman, is that Jacob was supposed to be married to her after working for her father for seven years, but instead Laban, the father, gives his older daughter Leah to lie with Jacob. When he discovers he was tricked he tells Laban he will work another seven years if he can have Rachel as his wife. Because God saw that Rachel was much more loved than Leah, he made Rachel barren and blessed Leah with four children. This is why Rachel asked Jacob to lie with a servant girl; she was envious of her sister Leah (The Holy Bible ESV, Gen. 29-30). The way it is portrayed in the novel is just as a source of reason. The commander and the government need a way to convince women of society that what they are doing is good and it is what they are designed to do. The Bible also speaks in Genesis how man and woman were created in God’s image and how both are equally valuable. Women in Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale are not at all treated equal. Wayne Grudem says it well in his book Bible Doctrine, †¦and Paul emphasizes, â€Å"In the Lord, woman is not independent of man nor man of woman; for woman was made from man, so now man is born of woman† Both men and women are equally important; both depend on each; both are worthy of honor† (201). This quote really shows how incorrect the society of Gilead has interpreted the Bible and also how poorly they have viewed women. They claim the safest way to protect the women is to restrict all their rights and give them the opportunity of one of three positions in society, which of those three, they do not even get to select. There are few instances in the novel that represent love, affection, or care; and this would be in the previous world and then between Offred and Nick and even that is a lot of physical affection more than true love. The Bible clearly states in Ephesians 5, â€Å"Husbands, love your wives, as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her†¦ In the same way husbands should love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. For no one ever hated his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as Christ does the church† (Eph. 5). This whole idea is nowhere near represented in The Handmaid’s Tale. The commander is married to the wife almost as a status. He has total authority over her and because she is barren they do not even sleep together. To bare child, he lies with the Handmaid, and to have pleasure, he visits Jezebels, which is a strip club. Which brings up another point in which prostitution and pornography were two of the major staples in the State’s philosophy of keeping women protected, yet they still have clubs that the men visit to enjoy themselves. Some may argue that there is biblical text to support everything that was done, such as Titus 2:5, which states â€Å"†¦women are to be submissive to their own husbands† (Titus. 2. ). This verse is said amongst many other actions women should portray towards their husbands, but it is originally meant, all out of love for their husband and ultimately for their love of Christ. Gilead believes having authority over everyone’s lives and particularly complete control of women. This just one more example of the misconstrued biblical reference portrayed how they see fit. This whole concept of people pulling verses out of context and twisting them to what they want is why so many people have a hard time believing in the truth. It has been so misinterpreted to what people want to believe or how people want others to believe. Gilead’s focus is on reproduction, order, control, and power. They have just found a way to use religion as a tool for their own plans, and in doing so have butchered the entire meaning of the device they are using. One more example of this is through other biblical references in the language. The entire book uses a variety of religious or Biblical language which includes but is not limited to: soldiers being called angels, the domestic servants are called Marthas, the store Milk and Honey, and even vehicles carry religious terms such as behemoth or chariot. These terms are used to help solidify the State’s justification for their actions. Using Biblical terms allows them to continue to preach that everything they do is to protect and serve according to the Bible. Again the problem is that they pull what they want from context and don’t use it according to how the original author intended it for the original audience, or how God meant for us to live. Margaret Atwood wrote a great novel describing what life could be like; if suddenly all women were subject to men’s rule and forced to live under such rigid conditions due to society’s prior downturn. Although the basis of Gilead, and it’s ideas and beliefs were high misinterpreted passages and references of biblical text. As previously stated, if someone is going to use biblical and historical references to support a cause or form a governing society, they must have the facts straight. This means using them in context, and for the original intended purpose. Not changing them or falsifying them to fit your ideas and beliefs.